Aircraft on the planet, the battle between commercial Airbus Boeing often obscures another fight just as fiercely, that of the engine, without which the new aircraft more fuel efficient and quieter, could not have been launched.

This is the case of Airbus A320 and Boeing 737 NEO MAX remotorisées versions of the two best-selling Europe and America, or the Chinese Comac C 919 and Bombardier CSeries of Canada on medium-haul market.

Rolls-Royce, the world of civilian reactors, did not take the train re-engined aircraft that are selling like hotcakes, however due to their promise to make gains in fuel consumption by 15% on average.

"Our credibility implies the success of our monetary policy to anchor inflation expectations in the medium and long term (…) to sustain growth, job creation and financial stability. And we make this contribution in full independence, "insisted Mario Draghi.

Ceiling of 20 billion euros

So much so that they would even be subject to a weekly maximum of 20 billion euros, reports the German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. This limit, which apparently exists since the beginning of these operations, in 2010, was set recently in this new threshold, the newspaper said.

The ECB acts only waiting for the States to establish their own anti-crisis mechanism, the European Financial Stability Fund (EFSF), Mario Draghi repeated on Friday. Four weeks ago, European leaders decided to increase the powers so he could buy the debt of state. But these reforms are still not operational. "Where are we in the implementation of these decisions? questioned the President of the ECB.

These proposals are the Finnish Minister echoes those of the German Chancellor, Angela Merkel, who argues for the establishment of programs of fiscal consolidation and strengthening of the integration of the euro area.

Regarding the debt crisis, the hope seems to come on the market. EU leaders agreed to increase the firepower of the European bailout fund (EFSF), to recapitalize banks and erase part of the Greek debt. On this point, the euro area is "relatively close" to an agreement with private creditors. European states are now seeking 50 to 60% of discount.The details of this comprehensive agreement should be announced Wednesday, after a summit. French President Nicolas Sarkozy said that the situation remains "very complex" but that "negotiations are progressing. A consensus is emerging, "he said.

First question, Greek banks have reacted badly to the news. Some securities industry lost more than 20% of their value on the Athens Stock Exchange. It has also closed down 4.51%.

Caution

In Paris, investors have decided to extend the rally started vendredi.Cet optimism was tempered, however, by indicators in the euro area and France who fear a recession. The publication of the PMI in October in the euro area showed an increased risk of recession. Contraction accelerated to $ 47.2, against 49.1 in September.These indicators are reminders of the fragility of the European economy and the urgent need to halt the crisis.

Highly vulnerable to swings in investor sentiment, banking stocks have evolved sawtooth. Societe Generale has finally closed up 4.11% to 19.75 euros, Credit Agricole gained 2.77% to 4.97 euros and BNP Paribas climbed 0.69% to 32 euros.

Renault, which goes like rival PSA Peugeot Citroen, use measures of short to deal with a slowdown in demand, has closed up 2.83% to 28.30 euros. Air France-KLM has won his side 2.20% to 5.75 euros, while the new management group has given priority to "react to the emergence of new competitors, especially low-cost airlines," said the boss of the group, Jean-Cyril Spinetta.Icade, despite the publication of a revenue increase of 11% in the first nine months of 2011, ended down 1.08% to 64.30 euros.

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In the wake of its competitors Auchan and Carrefour, the Casino Group has launched its application "mCasino" in October 2010.According to Stéphane Bout, director of information systems group, the mobile phone has become an essential marketing tool for the retail sector.

Lefigaro.fr: How the rise of smartphones he changed consumer behavior?

Stéphane Tip: Even with the Internet, the nature of the relationship between the customer and the brand has been transformed. This relationship is a continuation and leaves the perimeter of the store. This is especially true today with smartphones. Consumers are connected, exchanged opinions on products, inform in real time. The application mCasino, which works with the iPhone and Android, which is also available on the iPad tablet, was developed to make their lives easier, but also to ensure continuity of services that we offer.This launch is a logical extension of our innovation strategy that relies on the use of all electronic media: Internet, kiosks in stores, scannettes and of course mobile phones.

Stéphane Bout, director of information systems of Groupe Casino. Credit: DR.

Jean-François Jamet – Nobody knows. This is the total blur as both a politically and economically. This will depend on the coming weeks. Today, investors doubted the credibility of the Italian government of Silvio Berlusconi in particular, entangled in scandals about his private life. They do not believe in his ability to find consensus in the short term and implement structural reforms to end a decade of stagnation. Italy is in the situation of a country whose financial situation is very dependent on the psychology of financial markets: the deficit depends on interest rates payable on its debt.

What will happen if Italy does not make structural reforms?

Italian debt will eventually become unsustainable. The risk of panic can not then be excluded.It would then interest rates will soar as investors withdraw massive failure and would become a likely scenario. However, unlike Greece, the risk is lower. First, the country just to pay interest on public debt. Then Italy had a primary surplus, that is to say, it generates a budget surplus, excluding interest payments on public debt. And so if going to Italy the confidence of financial markets – that if the interest rate is not found at high levels (above 6% for bonds to 10 years) – it should not have difficult to stabilize its public debt.Finally, unlike Spain and Ireland, Italy has no problem with private debt.

Just accept the Italian population does a tax increase?

Italy is able to reform itself, it has proved in 1992 and 1993. But if she will be unable Silvio Berlusconi remains in office. The government's failure to carry out structural reforms to boost growth, coupled with the antics of "Il Cavaliere", eventually to exasperate the Italians. As in Spain, early elections must be organized. By this election, a new government must be established: either a national unity government, a government technique, including bureaucrats.This was the case in 1993, a year after the start of the crisis in Italy: the governor of the Italian central bank, no political label, was then elected Chairman and appointed several ministers among its senior officials. The choice of a technical government would nevertheless be a sign that politicians have lost the hand and have not lived up issues.

Finally, is not it a blessing in disguise that the note of Italy was worse?

Paradoxically, Italy can probably say thank you to Standard & Poor's and Moody's. The deterioration of the Italian note the merit of the heart of the debate lack of credibility of Silvio Berlusconi and increase pressure for his departure.While it is regrettable that the rating agencies and interfere in the democratic, political pressure has been mounting in recent months with the electoral success of the opposition and critics of the Confindustria (Italian MEDEF) and even its own majority. One can also regret that the rating agencies and the European states have expected the crisis to sound the alarm about the structural problems that have existed for many years.

Europe can sustainably support it Italy?

It is already doing through the interventions of the European Central Bank to calm speculation on the Italian debt. Once the Member States of the euro area have all ratified the agreement reached in July, the European Financial Stability Fund will take over. However, this support to Italy by its European partners can only buy time.Only reforms and the return to growth will allow Italy to escape the trap of debt inherited from the patronage and corruption which had prevailed during the years 1970 and 1980.

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And if the state backed down on these permits is due to law of 13 July.After a major mobilization led by José Bové and the Greens, elected officials voted this summer a law banning the use of controversial mining technique called hydraulic fracturing. The government had thus given two months to holders of operating licenses for shale gas to specify what operating techniques they planned to use.

In both reports, Schuepbach had clearly stated its intention to use hydraulic fracturing, however, prohibited, said Minister of Ecology. In the report of Total, "it was not the case but I made the point that the report was not credible," said Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet. According to the minister, "Total announces to continue to search for shale gas with techniques that are not hydraulic fracturing, or we now know that these techniques are not operational no fax cash loans."

Decision on 13 octobreTotal not digest these ads. "We are very surprised to learn through the press that the government has decided to revoke the exploration permit without Montelimar Total whom the license was awarded in itself has been informed." The State must publish the full effect of those decisions and those on other 61 operating permit on October 13 in the Official Gazette. Thus remains to be seen what will be the decision of the State concerning the 61 other permits still in progress for which the industry had mentioned the use of a hydraulic fracturing technique. If the majority of these licenses relate to the operation of conventional hydrocarbons, twelve are for non-conventional hydrocarbons and potentially gas from coal or oil shale, especially in the Paris basin.

José Bové is awaiting the decision of the state.Already, the Green MEP which combined movement against the gas and oil shale warns that "continued engagement on the ground and before administrative tribunals" in case of maintenance allowed the industrial explicit mention of an appeal to the technique of hydraulic fracturing or operation of these products shale.

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The association of tour operators Japanese in Paris also wrote to 24 local elected officials, recalling that a Japanese customer spends 80 euros at Mont-Saint-Michel, and a decrease in activity of 30% would represent a loss of 7 2 million euros per year for the rock …

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Clearly, the political compromise was drafted in haste, less to meet market expectations and requirements of rigor of the ECB and Brussels as to satisfy the appetites of political coalition.

The plan touches the budget plan adopted on August 14 the Council of Ministers, who remodeled himself the three-year plan adopted July 15 by the Chamber of Deputies.The goal remains unchanged: to return to balanced public accounts or substantially by the end of 2013 with a deficit reduced from 3.9% to 0.2% of GDP. This requires about 48 billion euros in savings or additional revenues in two years.

However, the mechanisms used to differ materially. Abandoned, the removal of "solidarity" on income exceeding 90,000 euros per year announced in mid-August. As the merging of municipalities with fewer than 1,000 inhabitants (Italy has 8100 municipalities) and the consolidation of a number of the 110 provinces, which duplicates the 21 regions. The initial objective was yet to release 70,000 posts the payroll of the state.

Structural reforms are delayed

Wednesday again, the government had to give to exclude the counting of annual pension contribution periods of education or military service.About 100 000-130 000 Italians are concerned. The measure, considered unfair by many, would have saved 500 million euros next year.

As a result, the Bank of Italy said that the draft budget relies too much on tax revenues, which represent three quarters of the effort. Again, structural reforms are referred to the next legislature: it would halve Yet the plethora of parliament (one thousand), scouring utilities and local governments, reduce the exorbitant privileges of the political class. Decisions that require boldness.

Parliament must approve the draft by 15 October. Some 1 300 amendments were tabled. You can bet they significantly exacerbate spending. Silvio Berlusconi is confident to govern until the election deadline of 2013. Markets, they will vote probably before.

In a study published on Tuesday, INSEE said that the threshold is 60% of the median standard of living – one who shares the French population in half – or 954 euros a month (11,450 euros per year) in 2009. That same year, 8.2 million people lived below the poverty line.

Thus 13.5% of the population that was struggling to cope with loan repayments, which was regularly exposed or who would dip into its savings to balance its budget.Or 0.5 point more than in 2008, where they were 7.84 million.

The gaps widen

This increase in the number of poor people is due to the increase in unemployment during the economic slump. "However, one-off measures and the ramp-up phase of active solidarity income helped limit the effects of the crisis," the study said payday advance. The fact remains that in 2009, 10.1% of assets in excess of 18 are poor.

While the differences in living standards between the French the most fragile and the richest had decreased until 2004, they continue to grow since.In 2009, 10% of French people living with the smallest less than 10,410 euros per year (a figure calculated per consumption unit, which takes into account economies of scale when several people are in the home), down 1.1 % compared to 2008.

Meanwhile, the wealthiest 10% had a standard of living of at least 35,840 euros, up 0.7%, but less strong than in previous years.

As for the median standard of living, it is 19,080 euros per person per year, or 1590 euros per month. It increased by 0.4% compared to 2008 (an increase also lower than in previous years).

Overall, the economic crisis "affects all households, but it is the smallest that are most affected," says INSEE.